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Letitia Wright Letitia Wright, Guyanese-British actress who gained fame for playing Shuri, the younger sister of T’Challa (Black Panther, played by Chadwick Boseman) in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Black Panther (2018). Immediately popular, the movie introduced her to a large mainstream audience. Wright was...
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Chicago Sky Chicago Sky, professional basketball team based in Chicago that plays in the Eastern Conference of the Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA). The team has won one WNBA championship (2021). The Sky joined the WNBA as an expansion team in 2006. Dave Cowens, a former star player for the...
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Great Firewall Great Firewall, regulatory and technological system of Internet control used by the Chinese government to monitor, filter, or block Internet-based content for users within the country. The Great Firewall was deployed to selectively separate Chinese cyberspace from the outside world and to prevent...
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enema Enema, procedure in which water or other fluids are injected via the rectum into the lower intestine. Enemas stimulate defecation and thus are most commonly used to treat occasional constipation. They also may be used to cleanse the colon, to assist in the diagnosis of certain conditions, or to...
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India pale ale India pale ale (IPA), type of beer that features strong flavours from hops and typically has more fruity notes than other types of beer. Brewed industrially or on a small scale, India pale ales (IPAs) differ from standard pale ales in that they generally have a higher amount of alcohol by volume...
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potato chip Potato chip, a thin slice of potato fried in oil or baked in an oven until crisp. It may be salted or flavoured after cooking. The invention of the potato chip is attributed to George Crum, who was born George Speck in 1824, the son of an African American father and a Native American mother who was...
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history of Haiti History of Haiti, a survey of the important events and people in the history of Haiti from the time of European settlement. For treatment of earlier history and the country in its regional context, see West Indies. The island that now includes Haiti and the Dominican Republic was first inhabited...
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Cheryl Hines Cheryl Hines, American actress best known for playing the role of Cheryl David, the wife of comedian and writer Larry David, in the acclaimed sitcom Curb Your Enthusiasm (2000– ). She is married to Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., the son of the late U.S. senator Robert F. Kennedy and nephew of the late...
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teacup dog Teacup dog, unofficial name for any of several breeds of dogs that are bred to be less than 4 to 6 pounds (1.8–2.7 kg), often through pairing the smallest members of a litter. Such dogs are typically one of six breeds: Maltese, Chihuahua, Poodle, Pomeranian, Yorkshire Terrier, or Shih Tzu. Teacup...
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New Administrative Capital New Administrative Capital (NAC), city, Al-Qāhirah muḥāfaẓah (governorate), Egypt. It is located on the outskirts of Cairo and is being built with the intent of serving as the country’s capital. The project was announced in 2015 by Pres. Abdel Fattah al-Sisi, with construction beginning the...
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Atlanta Dream Atlanta Dream, professional basketball team based in Atlanta that plays in the Eastern Conference of the Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA). The team has won three Eastern Conference championships (2010, 2011, and 2013). The Dream came into existence as a WNBA expansion team in 2008....
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gender-affirming surgery Gender-affirming surgery, medical procedure in which the physical sex characteristics of an individual are modified. Gender-affirming surgery typically is undertaken when an individual chooses to align their physical appearance with their gender identity, enabling the individual to achieve a...
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Linda McCartney Linda McCartney, American photographer and musician who was widely known for her marriage to musician Paul McCartney, a former member of the immensely popular rock band the Beatles. Alongside her work as a photographer, McCartney was a noted animal rights activist and vegetarian, authoring several...
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tagine Tagine, North African cooking vessel consisting of a flat rimmed dish and a tall conical lid. The term tagine also refers to the slow-simmered stews cooked in this vessel. Tagines are a staple in Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria, both as a kitchen tool and as a major dish in their cuisines. Tagines...
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history of Liberia History of Liberia, a survey of the notable events and people in the history of Liberia. The country is located in western Africa along the Atlantic coast. Liberia’s terrain ranges from the low and sandy coastal plains to rolling hills and dissected plateau further inland. The country is home to a...
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Keira Knightley Keira Knightley, English actress who is best known for the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise and a number of period dramas, including Pride & Prejudice (2005). Although extremely versatile, she is especially noted for portraying plucky heroines and tragic figures. Knightley is the youngest of two...
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Maury Povich Maury Povich, American journalist, newscaster, and talk-show host best known for his television tabloid show Maury (originally known as The Maury Povich Show), which ran from 1991 to 2022. He earlier worked as a news anchor in several U.S. cities. Povich is one of three children born to Ethyl (née...
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Sinéad O’Connor Sinéad O’Connor, Irish singer-songwriter, who was dubbed the first superstar of the 1990s by Rolling Stone magazine. During her career she attracted publicity not only for her voice, which was alternately searing and soothing, but also for her controversial actions and statements. The daughter of a...
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Twelve Apostles Twelve Apostles, spectacular group of rock formations that line the coast of southwestern Victoria, Australia. Part of Port Campbell National Park, the Twelve Apostles lie in the Southern Ocean just east of Port Campbell and about 275 km (170 miles) west of Melbourne. They are a popular tourist...
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app App, application software developed for use on a mobile device such as a smartphone or tablet. Mobile apps are distinct from Web applications, which run in Web browsers, and from desktop applications, which are used on desktop computers. Mobile apps were introduced in the 1980s with the release of...
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Ray Davies Ray Davies, English musician and songwriter best known for his work with the rock band the Kinks. Ray Davies was born into a working-class family in the Fortis Green area of the suburban Muswell Hill district of north London. His parents were Frederick Davies, who worked in a slaughterhouse, and...
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history of the Maldives History of the Maldives, a survey of the important events and people in the history of the Maldives. Located in the north-central Indian Ocean, the Maldives is an independent island country that consists of a chain of about 1,200 small coral islands and sandbanks (some 200 of which are inhabited),...
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principle of superposition Principle of superposition, in wave motion, the principle that when two or more waves overlap in space, the resulting disturbance is equal to the algebraic sum of the individual disturbances. This principle holds for many different kinds of waves, such as waves in water, sound waves, and...
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Ju Wenjun Ju Wenjun, Chinese chess player who became the women’s world chess champion in 2018. Ju learned to play chess at the age of seven, when she chose lessons as something interesting to do after school. She soon started to do well against local players her same age and in national tournaments. She came...
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Paula Abdul Paula Abdul, American singer, songwriter, dancer, choreographer, and television personality who first gained fame in the 1980s, known for such dance-pop hits as “Forever Your Girl” and “Opposites Attract.” Abdul later served as a judge on a number of TV competition shows, and in the 2000s she...
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history of Ukraine History of Ukraine, a survey of the important events and people in the history of Ukraine from ancient times to the present. From prehistoric times, migration and settlement patterns in the territories of present-day Ukraine varied fundamentally along the lines of three geographic zones. The Black...
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history of New Zealand History of New Zealand, a survey of the important events and people in the history of New Zealand from the time of Polynesian settlement. Comprising two main islands and a number of small islands, New Zealand is a remote country in the South Pacific Ocean, lying more than 1,000 miles (1,600 km)...
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Muhoozi Kainerugaba Muhoozi Kainerugaba, Ugandan military general and son of Ugandan Pres. Yoweri Kaguta Museveni (1986– ). Kainerugaba is known for his military commands and for making controversial statements on the social media platform Twitter. Kainerugaba was born in Tanzania, the eldest of four children born to...
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species richness Species richness, the count, or total number, of unique species within a given biological community, ecosystem, biome, or other defined area. While species richness does not consider the population sizes of individual species in the area (see species abundance) or how even the distribution of each...
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history of Ghana History of Ghana, a survey of the notable events and people in the history of Ghana from the prehistoric era to the present day. Ghana is located in western Africa and sits on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea. The country takes it name from the great medieval trading empire that was located...
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Cliff Robertson Cliff Robertson, American actor who enjoyed a creditable career onstage and in television and movies. After high school, Robertson longed to go to sea and signed aboard the freighter Admiral Cole. The freighter was bombed but not sunk by a Japanese plane off the coast of the Philippines on December...
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steam power Steam power, the use of water in gaseous form to power mechanical devices. Steam power was first popularized in the 18th century and reached its peak importance in the late 19th century, when it became the main source of power for transportation. Steam power constitutes one of the safest forms of...
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last glacial maximum Last glacial maximum (LGM), the most recent geologic interval, which spanned 29,000 to 19,000 years ago, in which the geographic extent of ice sheet and glacier coverage on Earth’s surface peaked. Some 8 percent of the planet’s total surface was covered in ice, and sea levels were approximately 125...
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history of Sweden History of Sweden, a survey of the important events and people in the history of Sweden from the time of its settlement. Sweden occupies the greater part of the Scandinavian Peninsula in northern Europe. It has a 1,000-year-long continuous history as a sovereign state, but its territorial expanse...
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Professional Sports Championships by City There are four professional team-sports leagues that are the most prestigious in North America: Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Basketball Association (NBA), the National Football League (NFL), and the National Hockey League (NHL). These leagues feature the highest level of competition in...
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world’s largest islands At some level, all of us live on landmasses surrounded by water. Earth’s continents, even those that are connected to others by land, are bordered by the world’s oceans. The planet’s largest landmasses are Afro-Eurasia (made up of Africa, Europe, and Asia), the Americas (made up of North America...
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MAGA movement MAGA movement, nativist political movement that emerged in the United States during the 2016 presidential campaign of its putative leader, Donald Trump. Its name is derived from Trump’s 2016 campaign slogan “Make America Great Again,” which became a rallying cry for many Trump supporters during his...
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Lewis Strauss Lewis Strauss, American businessman and official who was head of the Atomic Energy Commission from 1953 to 1958 and acting secretary of commerce from 1958 to 1959. As a young boy, Strauss had a strong interest in physics and planned to study at the University of Virginia in the fall of 1913....
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Passion of Jesus Passion of Jesus, final events in the life of Jesus as related in the canonical Gospels. The word passion is derived from Latin passio (“suffering” or “enduring”). Compared with the Gospels’ sparse accounts of Jesus’ early years and occasional glimpses of his public ministry, the reports of his...
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Gautam Adani Gautam Adani, Indian industrialist and founder of the global conglomerate Adani Group. Adani, who gained great admiration across India for his rags-to-riches biography, rose from a modest mercantile family to become one of the richest individuals in the world. He was briefly the richest person in...
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Olympic Games host cities What do Atlanta, Paris, Helsinki, and Beijing have in common? They all have hosted the Olympics. As the foremost international sporting event, the Olympic Games have been held in cities around the world—though certain regions, notably Africa, have yet to play host. In years past, the bidding...
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Cardi B Cardi B, American rapper who vaulted onto the music scene in the late 2010s with the release of the hit single “Bodak Yellow” (2017). With her spirited and unapologetic personality and empowering lyrics, she was especially popular among young women. In 2019 she became the first solo female rapper...
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Nicole Aunapu Mann Nicole Aunapu Mann, American astronaut who was the first Indigenous woman to go into space. Mann is a member of the Wailacki tribe of the Round Valley Indian Tribes of northern California. Mann was the commander of NASA’s SpaceX Crew-5 mission, which traveled to the International Space Station...
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Garry Marshall Garry Marshall, American producer, writer, and director who created several iconic TV sitcoms—notably the 1950s-nostalgia comedy Happy Days (1974–84)—and directed such crowd-pleasing films as Pretty Woman (1990). He was the eldest of three children born to Marjorie (née Ward) Marshall, a dance...
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Jerry Stiller Jerry Stiller, American actor and comedian best known for his role as Frank Costanza on the popular television sitcom Seinfeld. He and his wife, Anne Meara, were a successful comedy duo in the 1960s. In later years, he also acted in projects produced and directed by their son, Ben Stiller. Stiller...
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American Film Institute American Film Institute (AFI), U.S. national arts organization dedicated to the preservation and advancement of the moving image as an art form. The AFI oversees an extensive operation that maintains archives and databases, trains young professionals in film and television production, and operates...
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Nikol Pashinyan Nikol Pashinyan, Armenian journalist and politician who serves as prime minister of Armenia (2018– ). He rose to power in 2018 on a wave of popular discontent against the ruling party, an event that he dubbed the “Velvet Revolution.” He became the subject of popular ire, however, after Armenia...
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cryonics Cryonics, the practice of freezing an individual who has died, with the object of reviving the individual sometime in the future. The word cryonics is derived from the Greek krýos, meaning “icy cold.” Cryonic preservation can be performed only after an individual has been declared legally dead. The...
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Jack Smith Jack Smith, American career prosecutor who in November 2022 was appointed special counsel in the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) in charge of two ongoing investigations into possible criminal activity by former U.S. president Donald Trump. One investigation was related to Trump’s retention and...
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Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, American politician and activist who began representing New York’s 14th congressional district (NY-14) in 2019. Taking office at the age of 29, she became the youngest woman to serve in the U.S. Congress. Ocasio-Cortez identifies as a democratic socialist and is known for...
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Maria Stewart Maria Stewart, American writer, lecturer, teacher, and activist who was the first known American woman to lecture the public on the abolitionist movement. Her speeches and essays helped influence other people to work toward the educational and social advancement of African Americans. Stewart was...
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Alan Rickman Alan Rickman, British actor who had a distinguished career portraying a vast array of characters, both virtuous and nefarious, in theatre, film, and television productions. As Hans Gruber, the sinister villain in the hit action movie Die Hard (1988), Rickman created one of the most memorable bad...
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Olivia Newton-John Olivia Newton-John, British-Australian singer and actress known for her gentle voice, her purity of tone, and her perfect pitch. Newton-John achieved worldwide stardom in a variety of musical genres and was especially well known for her starring role in Grease (1978), one of the most successful...
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Orobanchaceae Orobanchaceae, the broomrape family of flowering plants (order Lamiales), comprising about 100 genera and some 2,300 species of parasitic plants. The largest family of parasitic plants, its members are found nearly worldwide and are especially common in Africa, Madagascar, and warm areas of the...
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envy Envy, in Roman Catholic theology, one of the seven deadly sins. The theological definition of envy is resentment or sadness at another’s good fortune or excellence, with an often insatiable desire to have it for oneself. Envy is more than simple jealousy because it includes the belief that...
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Priscilla Presley Priscilla Presley, American actress and businesswoman best known for her marriage to musician Elvis Presley. Although they eventually divorced, she remained in the public eye and established an acting career. After his death, she became the executor of Graceland, his estate in Memphis, Tennessee,...
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neologism Neologism, new word or expression. The term also refers to the adoption of a new definition for an existing word or expression. Technological advances are among the main drivers of word creation and adoption. In many cases, neologisms come about as names for new objects, such as airplane and...
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Lois Lowry Lois Lowry, American author who wrote some 50 books, mainly directed toward young adults, beginning in the 1970s. By the early 1990s she had solidified her reputation by winning two Newbery Medals, awarded for the most distinguished children’s book of the year. On her website, Lowry described the...
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Prominent HBCU Alumni What Do Kamala Harris, Spike Lee, and Jerry Rice Have in Common? Read on for a look at prominent Black Americans who have attended Historically Black Colleges and Universities....
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Florence Pugh Florence Pugh, English actress who made a name for herself in the late 2010s with her wide-ranging and committed performances, particularly in the pastoral horror movie Midsommar and in the critically acclaimed adaptation of Louisa May Alcott’s novel Little Women (both 2019). Pugh is one of four...
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Paul Biya Paul Biya, Cameroonian politician who has served as president of Cameroon since 1982. Prior to that post, he served as prime minister (1975–82). He is among the longest-serving heads of state (excluding monarchs) in the world. Biya was born to Etienne Mvondo Assam and Anastasie Eyenga Elle in...
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Charles Bridge Charles Bridge, stone arch bridge built between 1357 and 1402 over the Vltava River in Prague, Czech Republic. It was commissioned by King Charles IV to replace Judith Bridge (constructed 1158–72), a narrower construction that had been unable to withstand a flood in 1342. The cornerstone for the...
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All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, private club and grounds in the Wimbledon neighbourhood of London, England, U.K., which is famed as the venue for the Wimbledon Championships in tennis. The club features 18 Championships grass courts, 20 practice grass courts, 8 clay courts, 2 acrylic...
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Stirling Castle Stirling Castle, historically and architecturally significant castle, mostly dating from 15th and 16th centuries, in Stirling, Scotland. Dominating major east–west and north–south routes, the fortress’s strategic importance gave it a key role in Scottish history. Standing 250 feet (75 m) higher...
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Trivial Pursuit Trivial Pursuit, one of the most popular board games of the late 20th century, in which players answer trivia questions to collect coveted colour-coded plastic wedges. Created in 1979 by Canadians Chris Haney and Scott Abbott, the game became a 1980s social phenomenon: Trivial Pursuit cocktail...
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substance use disorder Substance use disorder, recurrent use of drugs or alcohol that impairs psychological and physical function and undermines the affected individual’s ability to perform day-to-day activities and fulfill personal, family, or work responsibilities. Substance use disorders typically affect adolescents...
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National Archives and Records Administration National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), independent federal agency headquartered in Washington, D.C., charged with collecting, caring for, and making publicly available U.S. federal government records. Founded in 1934, the National Archives contain, among other objects, some 13.5...
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ByteDance ByteDance, Chinese technology company that developed novel video-sharing social networking applications, most notably TikTok. ByteDance also serves as the parent company of several popular social media and news apps. ByteDance was founded in 2012 by a development team led by Zhang Yiming and Liang...
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Martin Sheen Martin Sheen, American actor best known for playing Capt. Benjamin L. Willard in the epic Vietnam War film Apocalypse Now (1979) and for portraying the U.S. president Josiah Bartlet in the political drama television series The West Wing (1999–2006). He is the father of actors Charlie Sheen, Emilio...
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Irish Civil War Irish Civil War, conflict in Ireland from June 1922 to May 1923 between those who supported the Anglo-Irish Treaty (1921), which ended the Irish War of Independence, and those who opposed the treaty. The treaty, which created an independent Irish Free State within the British Empire, was...
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utterance Utterance, in the study of language, an instance or token of speech understood to encompass a limited sequence of orally produced sounds exhibiting the phonetic properties and syntactic structures of words, phrases, sentences, or other grammatical constructions of a given language. Such sequences...
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Simone Leigh Simone Leigh, American artist perhaps best known for her ceramic sculptures, though she also creates works involving video, installation, and social practice. Leigh often says that Black women are her primary audience, telling The New York Times in 2018 that she is interested in women “who…have...
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homophone Homophone, one of two or more words that sound the same but have distinctly different meanings. Homophones may be spelled differently, as in the words here and hear, or identically, as in the different meanings of the word bat, which can be defined as a stout stick or club or as a nocturnal flying...
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Delta Force Delta Force, tier-one special missions unit within the U.S. armed forces. It has also been referred to as the Combat Applications Group (CAG), Army Compartmented Elements (ACE), Task Force Green, and simply “the Unit,” as well as a host of cover names. Delta Force is primarily devoted to...
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history of Singapore History of Singapore, a survey of the important events and people in the history of Singapore. Located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, Singapore is the largest port city in Southeast Asia and one of the busiest in the world. It owes its growth and prosperity to its position at the...
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list of states with nuclear weapons Since the first atomic bomb was produced in 1945, only a handful of states have obtained nuclear weapons. Nuclear proliferation was an early concern of the Cold War, and the fear of nuclear war led to the conclusion of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1968. At that time, only five or...
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Arsenio Hall Arsenio Hall, American actor, comedian, and producer who has appeared in several television shows and movies but is best known for being a popular late-night talk-show host. He was the first African American to host his own late-night talk show. Hall was the only child of his mother, Annie, and his...
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cheese making Cheese making, process by which milk is transformed into cheese. With the variety of milks, bacterial cultures, enzymes, molds, environmental conditions, and technical processes, literally hundreds of varieties of cheese are made throughout the world. See also list of cheeses. Primitive forms of...
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greed Greed, in Roman Catholic theology, one of the seven deadly sins. Greed is defined as the immoderate love or desire for riches and earthly possessions. A person can also be greedy for fame, attention, power, or anything else that feeds one’s selfishness. As a deadly sin, greed is believed to spur...
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Kentucky Derby winners The Kentucky Derby is one of the most storied events in American sports. The legendary horse race is known for its traditions—mint julep, anyone?—and its long, colourful history. Held annually since 1875, the derby is the oldest American sporting event still being staged, and it is widely...
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moral virtue Moral virtue, in ethics, those qualities or states of character that find expression in morally good actions and morally good purposes or intentions. Moral virtues are persistent patterns of behaviour and thought rather than transient emotions, aspects of intelligence, or physical characteristics....
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Laurence Yep Laurence Yep, prolific American author of more than 60 children’s and young adult books. He is well known for two of his books, Dragonwings (1975) and Dragon’s Gate (1993), which were named Newbery Honor books. In 2005 Yep won the Laura Ingalls Wilder Award (now the Children’s Literature Legacy...
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Paul McCartney and Wings Paul McCartney and Wings, British-American rock band founded by Beatles icon Paul McCartney (b. June 18, 1942, Liverpool, England) and his wife, Linda McCartney (b. Linda Eastman, September 24, 1941, Scarsdale, New York—d. April 17, 1998, Tucson, Arizona). After a lackluster start, the band became...
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Hiroshima Peace Memorial Hiroshima Peace Memorial, ruins of a building that was destroyed by an atomic bomb in Hiroshima, Japan, and that is preserved as a memorial to those killed and as a reminder. At 8:15 AM on August 6, 1945, the U.S. B-29 bomber Enola Gay dropped the world’s first atomic bomb used in war on the city...
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Casino de Monte-Carlo Casino de Monte-Carlo, casino and entertainment complex that was built in 1878 in Monte-Carlo, Monaco, by Charles III, Prince of Monaco. Designed by Charles Garnier, architect of the Paris Opéra, the building is lavishly and ornately decorated in the opulent Belle Époque style and stands in formal...
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Islamic State–Khorasan Province Islamic State–Khorasan Province (ISKP), transnational jihad movement that is loosely affiliated with the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL; also called ISIS) and operates primarily, though not exclusively, in Afghanistan. Inspired by the rapid expansion of ISIL in 2014–15, disaffected...
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gemsbok Gemsbok, (Oryx gazella), species of oryx, or large antelope, that lives in desert regions of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Gemsbok are the largest species of oryx and are powerfully built, with sturdy, muscular bodies. They are known in particular for their striking coloration, being gray-brown...
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rotavirus Rotavirus, any of a group of viruses in the family Reoviridae that are known as the leading cause of severe diarrhea in children worldwide. Rotaviruses grow in the cells lining the intestines, where they give rise to acute gastroenteritis, particularly conditions known as infantile diarrhea and...
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psychotropic drug Psychotropic drug, in pharmacology, any agent that induces changes in awareness, behaviour, mood, perception, or sensation. Most psychotropic drugs are classified as one of five different types: antianxiety agents, antidepressants, antipsychotics, hypnotics, or mood-stabilizing drugs. Psychotropic...
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Arch of Titus Arch of Titus, triumphal arch, located on the Via Sacra near the Roman Forum, in Rome, Italy. Designed to glorify the memory of individual emperors and their deeds, Rome’s monumental arches were also focal points for the magnificent triumphal processions that were staged in the city to welcome home...
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Timeline of the Manhattan Project What led to the creation of the atomic bomb?...
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Catedral de Sevilla Catedral de Sevilla, cathedral in Sevilla, Spain, that, in addition to being the world’s third-largest church, is an excellent example of Gothic and Renaissance architecture and represents some seven centuries of history. Originally it was the site of a large mosque that was built in the 12th...
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Monte Cassino Abbey Monte Cassino Abbey, the first monastery of the Benedictine order, located to the south of Rome, at the top of Mount Cassino, a rocky hill just west of the town of Cassino. The abbey was founded by Benedict of Nursia in 529 on a site that, according to a biography by St. Gregory the Great, was...
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king oyster mushroom King oyster mushroom, (Pleurotus eryngii), widely cultivated edible mushroom (order Agaricales, phylum Basidiomycota). King oyster mushrooms are native to temperate, humid areas of the Mediterranean, Asia, and North Africa and are extensively grown in East Asia. Known for their meaty texture, rich...
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Fethullah Gülen Fethullah Gülen, Turkish Islamic scholar and spiritual leader of a movement for social and civic reform, known as the Hizmet (“service”) movement or the Gülen movement. Gülen is a staunch supporter of Islam’s presence in the public sphere and believes it is essential to the formation of an ideal...
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Cillian Murphy Cillian Murphy, Irish actor known for his striking looks and intense performances. His breakout role came in the hit zombie film 28 Days Later (2002), but he is perhaps best known for his appearances in several blockbuster movies directed by Christopher Nolan and for his starring role in the...
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John Cale John Cale, Welsh musician, composer, and producer known for his role as a founding member of the rock band the Velvet Underground and for his career as a solo artist. His work spans many musical genres, from classical and avant-garde to rock and electronica. Cale has also produced dozens of albums...
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Congressional Black Caucus Congressional Black Caucus (CBC), caucus in the Congress of the United States consisting of several dozen African American members of the House of Representatives and the Senate. It was established in 1971 amid a surge in Black congressional representation that followed the adoption of the Voting...
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list of cheeses Humans have been enjoying cheese for about as long as we have been domesticating milk-producing animals. Cheese making is a complicated art that balances microbes, environmental conditions, and technical processes to create a novel and delicious product. The following is a list of cheeses,...
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history of Moldova History of Moldova, a survey of the notable events and people in the history of Moldova, from ancient times to the present. Bessarabia—the name often given to the region of historical Moldavia between the Dniester and Prut rivers—has a long and stormy history. Part of Scythia in the 1st millennium...
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pride Pride, in Roman Catholic theology, one of the seven deadly sins, considered by some to be the gravest of all sins. In the theological sense, pride is defined as an excessive love of one’s own excellence. As a deadly sin, pride is believed to generate other sins and further immoral behaviour and is...
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Bohr magneton Bohr magneton, unit of magnetic moment used in the study of subatomic particles. It is defined asμB = eh 4πme , where e is the charge of an electron, h is Planck’s constant, and me is the mass of an electron. It is named for the 20th-century Danish physicist Niels Bohr and is equal to about 9.274 ×...
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Life in the Trenches: A World War I Photo Gallery ...
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Do Birds Pee? Why white sludge drops from the sky but never anything yellow....
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6 Interesting Facts About Barbie ...
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challenges to democracy Challenges to democracy, in contemporary political science and international relations, the problems and threats faced by democratic governments throughout the world in the 21st century. Contemporary democracy is faced with new and growing challenges. The stability of democratic governments has...
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Roz Chast Roz Chast, American cartoonist known for her humorous yet honest depictions of everyday life that explore themes of family, anxiety, loneliness, and the absurdity of modern living. Chast has published her work in books and magazines, most notably in The New Yorker magazine, where her cartoons have...
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directors of the Federal Bureau of Investigation Since its inception in 1908 the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has had fewer than 15 directors. This is largely a result of the long tenure of J. Edgar Hoover, who served more than 46 years as the agency’s director starting in 1924. Legislation enacted in 1968, however, empowered the...
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history of Eswatini History of Eswatini, a survey of the notable events and people in the history of Eswatini from prehistoric times to the present day. The country’s official name is the Kingdom of Eswatini (siSwati: Umbuso weSwatini). In the colonial era, as a protectorate, and later as an independent country,...
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Republican National Convention Republican National Convention, quadrennial meeting of the U.S. Republican Party to select its presidential and vice presidential nominees for the presidential election. Formed in 1854 in opposition to the extension of slavery into the Kansas and Nebraska territories, the Republican Party held its...
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Heisman Trophy winners The Heisman Memorial Trophy has been awarded annually to the most outstanding U.S. college gridiron football player of the year in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) since 1935. However, the trophy has been given overwhelmingly to players at the running back and quarterback...
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Sheikh Jarrah Sheikh Jarrah, neighbourhood in Jerusalem located north of the Old City. The neighbourhood is situated around the tombs of Simeon the Just (Shimon HaTzadik), a Jewish religious leader from the 3rd century bce who was associated with the Kneset ha-Gedola (Great Assembly), and Ḥussam al-Dīn...
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formal operational stage Formal operational stage, stage of human cognitive development, typically beginning around age 11 or 12, characterized by the emergence of logical thinking processes, particularly the ability to understand theories and abstract ideas and predict possible outcomes of hypothetical problems. The...
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wrath Wrath, in Roman Catholic theology, one of the seven deadly sins. Wrath is defined as a strong feeling of hatred or resentment with a desire for vengeance. This overwhelming feeling and desire for revenge distinguishes wrath from anger that is balanced with reason, which is not a sin. Christian...
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history of Zambia History of Zambia, a survey of the notable events and people in the history of Zambia, from prehistoric times to the present day. Zambia is located in south-central Africa. The landlocked country is situated on a high plateau and takes its name from the Zambezi River, which drains all but a small...
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John Belushi John Belushi, American actor and musician best known as an original cast member of the sketch comedy and variety television series Saturday Night Live (1975–79). He is also known for portraying the hard-partying fraternity member John (“Bluto”) Blutarsky in the college comedy film National...
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Shirley Ann Jackson Shirley Ann Jackson, American scientist and educator and the first Black woman to receive a doctorate from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Jackson helped develop technologies that made communication faster and easier and was an advocate for minority representation in academia,...
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Ryan Gosling Ryan Gosling, Canadian actor who went from appearing on television shows as a child to being one of the biggest movie stars of the early 21st century. Gosling was raised in Cornwall, Ontario, by working-class parents who were members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He began...
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Edith Cowan Edith Cowan, Australian social reformer, women’s rights activist, and politician who focused on helping women and children. In 1921 she was elected to the Western Australian Legislative Assembly, becoming the first woman member of an Australian parliament. Cowan was born Edith Brown in Glengarry,...
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lateral flow test Lateral flow test, method for the rapid detection and quantification of chemicals and other substances (analytes) in liquid samples from biological, environmental, and other sources. Lateral flow tests are highly versatile and can be applied in a variety of settings to detect the presence of a...
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Why Are There So Few HBCU Medical Schools? The need for Black doctors is acute, but there are relatively few HBCU medical schools. Learn why....
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The 14th Dalai Lama: A Life in Pictures Learn about the man called the “Ocean of Wisdom.”...
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history of Nepal History of Nepal, a survey of the notable events and people in the history of Nepal from prehistoric times to the present. The country is located between India to the east, south, and west and the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north. Its territory extends roughly 500 miles (800 km) from...
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Roberta Flack Roberta Flack, American rhythm and blues (R&B) singer known for the number-one hits “The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face” (1972) and “Killing Me Softly with His Song” (1973), and for her duets with soul music singer Donny Hathaway “Where Is the Love” (1972) and “The Closer I Get to You” (1977)....
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golden mean Golden mean, in philosophy, an approach to ethics that emphasizes finding the appropriate medium, or middle ground, between extremes. The phrase golden mean is most frequently applied to the ethical ideas described by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 bce) in his treatise Nicomachean...
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feedlot Feedlot, a plot of land on which livestock are fattened for market. A feedlot intensively manages cattle or other animals in a relatively small area and feeds them primarily grains until they are ready for processing for human consumption. Feedlots are categorized according to size: small feedlots...
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spherical aberration Spherical aberration, in optics, a phenomenon in which the outer parts of a lens do not bring light rays into the same focus as the central part. Rays passing through the lens close to its centre are focused farther away than rays passing through a circular zone near its rim. Spherical aberration...
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Africa Cup of Nations winners The Africa Cup of Nations (also called the African Cup of Nations) has been awarded more than 30 times since its inception in 1957, but no team has won the football (soccer) competition more than the Egyptian national team. The Africa Cup of Nations, or AFCON, the most prestigious football...
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book banning Book banning, the practice of prohibiting or restricting the reading of certain books by the general public or by members of a local community or religious group. Books can be banned by means of their removal from publicly accessible locations (e.g, libraries), by their destruction (including the...
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kefir Kefir, tangy and slightly sour fermented milk drink. Similar in consistency to cultured buttermilk with a slight effervescence, kefir is made by fermenting cow, sheep, or goat’s milk using special microbial cultures called kefir grains, composed of symbiotic colonies of yeasts and bacteria. Like...
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species abundance Species abundance, typically, the sum total of individuals from a given species within a given area. A species is considered abundant when it has a high population relative to the size of the area it inhabits. It can also include other measures of performance for plants, animals, or other forms of...
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history of Guatemala History of Guatemala, a survey of the important events and people in the history of Guatemala from the time of European settlement. Bounded to the north and west by Mexico, to the northeast by Belize and the Gulf of Honduras, to the east by Honduras, to the southeast by El Salvador, and to the...
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H.E.R. H.E.R., American singer, songwriter, musician, and actress who emerged as a leading R&B artist in the 2010s, known for her vocal range, intimate ballads, and enigmatic persona. She was born Gabriella Sarmiento Wilson and grew up in Vallejo, California, which is located in the San Francisco Bay...
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Faith Bandler Faith Bandler, Australian civil rights activist who advocated for the rights of Indigenous Australians and South Sea Islander people—those who were brought to Australia, often forcibly, from the islands of the southwestern Pacific Ocean during the late 19th century. She was instrumental in getting...
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William Ferguson William Ferguson, Australian activist who fought for the rights of Australian Aboriginal peoples. He was a strong opponent of the New South Wales Aborigines Protection Board, a government-run organization composed of white members who set rules to manage the lives of Aboriginal people. William...
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Michelson interferometer Michelson interferometer, optical instrument that splits a beam of light in two, sends the parts along perpendicular paths, and then brings them back together. It was invented in 1881 by the American physicist A.A. Michelson. The instrument consists of a half-silvered mirror that divides a light...
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Jason Reynolds Jason Reynolds, American author of young adult books that deal with themes including violence, masculinity, and the experiences of communities of colour. His work, which often combines difficult scenes with a touch of humour, has won multiple awards, and some of his books have been named finalists...
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negative externality Negative externality, in economics, the imposition of a cost on a party as an indirect effect of the actions of another party. Negative externalities arise when one party, such as a business, makes another party worse off, yet does not bear the costs from doing so. Externalities, which can be...
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Kevin Bacon Kevin Bacon, American actor, director, and musician who is best known as the star of the film Footloose (1984). His prolific, increasingly distinguished acting career made him the subject of a parlour game, Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon, the object of which is to link an actor to Bacon across six...
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Erin Entrada Kelly Erin Entrada Kelly, Filipino American children’s author best known for writing novels for and about middle schoolers and for weaving aspects of Filipino culture into her stories. Kelly won the Newbery Medal in 2018 for her book Hello, Universe (2017). Kelly was born to Virgilia Sy Entrada and...
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nativism Nativism, an ideology, governmental policy, or political stance that prioritizes the interests and well-being of native-born or long-established residents of a given country over those of immigrants, typically by advocating or enacting restrictions on immigration. Those who hold this view tend to...
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Academy Award for best supporting actor Each year the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences honours the man who delivered the most outstanding performance in a supporting role in a movie of a given year, as determined by the academy’s voting members. The winning actor is given a gold-plated statuette known as an Oscar at the annual...
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Bethany Hamilton Bethany Hamilton, American professional surfer, author, and motivational speaker who lost her arm to a shark while surfing when she was 13 years old. She served as an inspiration to people when she returned to surfing shortly after the attack, despite her serious injury. Bethany Hamilton is one of...
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Tour de France winners It is one of the most grueling events in all of sports. Over the span of about 20 days, Tour de France cyclists cover some 3,600 km (2,235 miles) of both flat land and great stretches of mountainous inclines. The annual race’s most difficult section is known as the “circle of death.” The rare...
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history of Colombia History of Colombia, a survey of the important events and people in the history of Colombia from the time of European settlement. Located in northwestern South America, Colombia has coastline that is bathed by the waters of the Caribbean Sea to the north and washed by the Pacific Ocean to the west....
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Salt Lake Temple Salt Lake Temple, house of worship that occupies a central position within Salt Lake City, the capital of Utah, and within the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. With its smooth granite exterior and six soaring spires, it sits in Temple Square, a downtown oasis of calm, surrounded by...
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Royal Pavilion Royal Pavilion, former royal seaside retreat in Brighton, Sussex, England, built in three stages between 1787 and 1822 in the Indo-Saracenic style then popular in India. Brighton had been transformed from an obscure fishing village on the Sussex coast into a seaside resort starting in the 1750s...
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Casa Loma Casa Loma, lavish sandstone, twin-towered, Gothic Revival, castle-style mansion built as a home by Canadian financier Sir Henry Mill Pellatt in the early years of the 20th century in Toronto, Canada. In 1903 Pellatt purchased 25 lots of land on a hill overlooking Davenport Road and hired architect...
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Süleymaniye Mosque Süleymaniye Mosque, grand hilltop structure built in the 16th century on the orders of, and named after, Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent in Istanbul, Turkey. It was designed by Sinan, one of the great architects of his time and architect-in-chief to Süleyman for almost 28 years. During its...
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Panathenaic Stadium Panathenaic Stadium, stadium built for the first of the modern Olympic Games in 1896 in Athens, Greece. Built on the site of the ancient stadium used for the games of the Panathenaea, it is the only stadium in the world made completely of marble. The Panathenaic games began about 566 BCE and were...
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British Open winners While there might be debate about its name—The British Open? The Open Championship? The Open?—there is no disputing its importance in golf. The event is the oldest continually run championship in the sport, and it is one of golf’s four major tournaments. The British Open has been held since 1860,...
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William Cooper William Cooper, Australian activist who fought for civil rights for Australian Aboriginal people. He founded the Australian Aborigines’ League (AAL), which became one of the most important Aboriginal organizations in the 1930s. Cooper’s father was a white labourer, and his mother was from the Yorta...
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The Evergreen Benefits of Rooftop Gardening Looking for some peas and quiet in your busy metropolis? Nothing beets a rooftop garden!...
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What Were Contraband Camps? Finding freedom as a “contraband of war.”...
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regression Regression, in psychology, return of the ego to an earlier stage of development. Regression is considered a type of defense mechanism, uniquely characterized by age-inappropriate behaviours and impulses that typically manifest as a way of communicating distress. It may be involuntary, in which case...
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schwa Schwa, vowel, typically unstressed, represented in phonetic transcriptions by the symbol ə (upside-down e). It is the most common vowel sound in the English language, where it is either represented by a vowel letter (a, e, i, o, u, or y) or unwritten. Examples are the sound of the first and last a...
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winners of the Pulitzer Prize for fiction Winners of the Pulitzer Prize for fiction, The Pulitzer Prize for fiction is awarded every year by Columbia University, New York City, for outstanding achievement in fiction. Preferably the work relates to life in the United States and must have been published during the award year by an American...
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history of Sri Lanka History of Sri Lanka, a survey of the notable events and people in the history of Sri Lanka from ancient times to the present day. The country, formerly known as Ceylon, is an island lying in the Indian Ocean and separated from peninsular India by the Palk Strait. Proximity to the Indian...
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British Royal Line of Succession Who’s next in line to the throne?...
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history of Serbia History of Serbia, a survey of the important events and people in the history of Serbia from ancient times to the present. The use of the term Serb to name one of the Slavic peoples is of great antiquity. Ptolemy’s Guide to Geography, written in the 2nd century ce, mentions a people called...
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syngas Syngas, mixture of primarily hydrogen and carbon monoxide that often also contains some amount of carbon dioxide and methane and that is highly combustible. Syngas is used primarily in the production of hydrocarbon fuels, such as diesel fuel and methanol, and in the production of industrial...
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history of Kuwait History of Kuwait, a survey of the notable events and people in the history of Kuwait, from the 18th-century founding of the city of Kuwait to the present day. For the history of the broader region before the founding of Kuwait, see history of Arabia. The city of Kuwait—on which the State of Kuwait...
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Miller-Urey experiment Miller-Urey experiment, experimental simulation conducted in 1953 that attempted to replicate the conditions of Earth’s early atmosphere and oceans to test whether organic molecules could be created abiogenically, that is, formed from chemical reactions occurring between inorganic molecules thought...
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Academy Award for best supporting actress Each year the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences honours the actress in a supporting role who delivered the most outstanding performance in a movie of a given year. The winning actress is given a gold-plated statuette known as an Oscar at the annual ceremony. The first Academy Awards...
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Pyrrhic victory Pyrrhic victory, a success that brings such significant harm to the victor that it differs little from defeat. Although the triumphant party in a Pyrrhic victory is considered the overall winner, the costs incurred and their future repercussions diminish the sense of genuine success. It is...
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history of Tanzania History of Tanzania, a survey of the notable events and people in the history of Tanzania, an East African country situated just south of the Equator. Tanzania was formed as a sovereign state in 1964 through the union of the theretofore separate states of Tanganyika and Zanzibar. Mainland...
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neurodiversity Neurodiversity, in sociology and psychology, term to describe the natural variation in brain function and behaviour among humans. The term neurodiversity was coined by Australian sociologist Judy Singer to provide an alternative to language that describes neurodevelopmental conditions, such as...
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Watt steam engine Watt steam engine, steam engine invented by Scottish engineer James Watt in 1769. The Watt steam engine is considered the first truly efficient steam engine, as it solved the problem of energy wastage through the use of a separate condenser. Watt’s essay about the steam engine for Encyclopædia...
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Chris Ofili Chris Ofili, British painter and sculptor known for his multilayered paintings that marry the sacred with the profane. Ofili gained notoriety early in his career for his controversial use of elephant dung and provocative imagery, but his work transcends shock value. It draws from a wide range of...
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Dakshineswar Kali Temple Dakshineswar Kali Temple, majestic 19th-century temple in the village of Dakshineswar, outside Kolkata, India, on the east bank of the Hugli River, an arm of the Ganges. The presiding deity is Bhavatarini, an aspect of the goddess Kali, but it is a pilgrimage site for both Hindus and members of...
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Church of the Nativity Church of the Nativity, ancient church built over the grotto that is believed to be the site of the manger in which Jesus was born in Bethlehem. The Church of the Nativity is the oldest church in the Holy Land. It was first built about 326, commissioned by the Roman emperor Constantine I and his...
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Mehrangarh Fort Mehrangarh Fort, huge hilltop fort in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India, built about 1459 by Rao Jodha, a member of the Rathore branch of the Rajput clan and the 15th Rathore ruler of Marwar. It had become clear to Rao Jodha that he needed to move his capital from Mandore to somewhere that he could defend...
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Women in World War I: A Photo Gallery ...
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Timeline of the 1970s Do you remember what happened in the seventies?...
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Fawlty Towers Fawlty Towers, British situation comedy television series that aired on the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) network for 12 episodes over two seasons (1975 and 1979). Fawlty Towers has garnered critical acclaim in the years since its original broadcast, and it is considered to be one of the...
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Michael Long Michael Long, Australian Aboriginal athlete and activist who brought attention to racism in Australian rules football. He also undertook the Long Walk in 2004 to raise awareness of the mistreatment of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australian society. Long’s parents...
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fibrocartilage Fibrocartilage, type of connective tissue that provides structural support for the musculoskeletal system. Fibrocartilage is very strong. It is found predominantly in the intervertebral disks of the spine and at the insertions of ligaments and tendons. Its main function is to act as a cushion...
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Armistice Day Armistice Day, international holiday observed each year on November 11 to commemorate the end of World War I. The titular armistice was signed at 5:45 am on November 11, 1918, at Compiègne, in the region of Picardy, France. The agreement took effect at 11:00 am, thus officially ending the war on...
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Derrick Barnes Derrick Barnes, American author of award-winning books for children and young adults. His picture book Crown: An Ode to the Fresh Cut (2017) won the Kirkus Prize for young readers’ literature and was named a Newbery Honor Book and a Coretta Scott King Honor Book in 2018. Barnes was reared in Kansas...
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Hatfield House Hatfield House, a large and impressive Jacobean house in Hatfield, Hertfordshire, England, set close to the Great North Road, in easy reach of London. The house was completed in 1611 and has been occupied ever since by members of the Cecil family—successive generations of Robert Cecil’s (chief...
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list of Major League Baseball perfect games In Major League Baseball (MLB) history, there have been only 24 perfect games pitched. A perfect game is one in which a pitcher faces the minimum of 27 opposing batters across nine innings without allowing anyone on base. It is a subset of the more common no-hitter (more than 300 recorded in MLB...
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Malbork Castle Malbork Castle, massive brick fortress enclosing three fortified castles that was built in the 13th century by Teutonic Knights in Malbork, Poland. Encompassing 52 acres (21 ha), Malbork Castle is Europe’s largest fortress by land area. It stands on the banks of the Nogat River, about 25 miles (40...
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Jyotirao Phule Jyotirao Phule, Indian social reformer, writer, and champion of equality for all people, including poor labourers and women. He was a strong critic of the Hindu caste system, a means by which people are differentiated and ranked according to the social group into which they are born. Phule deplored...
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Pat Mora Pat Mora, American poet, author, and activist who writes for adults and children. She is a leader in contemporary Hispanic literature and poetry, and many of her books incorporate both Spanish and English text. Mora was born to Raúl (“Roy”) Mora, who, as a child, moved from Mexico to El Paso,...
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history of Niger History of Niger, a survey of the notable events and people in the history of Niger. The country, located in western Africa, is landlocked and takes its name from the Niger River, which flows through the southwestern part of its territory; the name Niger derives in turn from the phrase gher...
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Vince Vaughn Vince Vaughn, American comedian and film actor with a sardonic and affable style who is best known for his roles in comedies, notably Swingers (1996), Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story (2004), and Wedding Crashers (2005). Vaughn is the youngest of three children born to Sharon (née DePalmo) Vaughn,...
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First Opium War First Opium War, armed conflict in 1839–42 between China’s Qing dynasty and Britain over the dynasty’s restrictions on British trade and, more broadly, Britain’s dissatisfaction with its diplomatic relationship with the Qing. The catalyst for the conflict was the dynasty’s efforts to suppress the...
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Rod Taylor Rod Taylor, Australian-born American actor who achieved considerable success in Hollywood during the 1950s and ’60s. His notable roles include the time-traveling inventor in The Time Machine (1960) and the hero in Alfred Hitchcock’s classic thriller The Birds (1963). Taylor was born to William...
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natural language processing Natural language processing (NLP), in computer science, the use of operations, systems, and technologies that allow computers to process and respond to written and spoken language in a way that mirrors human ability. To do this, natural language processing (NLP) models must use computational...
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adzuki bean Adzuki bean, (Vigna angularis), edible seed of the adzuki plant, a legume plant of the pea family (Fabaceae). The plant is native to East Asia and may have been independently domesticated in Korea, Japan, and China. An important source of starch and protein, adzuki beans are a common ingredient in...
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Museum of Contemporary Art Museum of Contemporary Art (MCA), art museum in Chicago devoted to the display of new and experimental art across all media. One of the largest multidisciplinary contemporary art museums in the world, the Museum of Contemporary Art (MCA) houses a permanent collection of more than 2,750 works. The...
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Brian Cox Brian Cox, Scottish actor best known for playing the tyrannical media mogul Logan Roy in the comedy-drama television series Succession (2018–23). He is also known for portraying Nazi Party leader Hermann Göring in the historical drama miniseries Nuremberg (2000). Cox has had a long career in...
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list of James Bond films James Bond is a fictional character created by British novelist Ian Fleming. Fleming introduced Bond, a secret agent in the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), in his 1953 novel Casino Royale. Known as Agent 007, Bond is a suave Cold War–era superspy who uses his special forces training and...
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tallest buildings in the world Tallest buildings in the world, the highest-standing buildings on the globe, as determined by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH), an international nonprofit organization headquartered in Chicago. The CTBUH recognizes a tall building as having 14 or more stories and standing...
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asexuality Asexuality, experiencing a complete or partial absence of sexual attraction or finding little interest in engaging in sexual activities with others. Asexuality encompasses a broad spectrum, and people who identify as asexual may experience varying degrees of sexual attraction, ranging from no...
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history of Madagascar History of Madagascar, a survey of the notable events and people in the history of Madagascar, an island country lying off the southeastern coast of Africa in the southwestern Indian Ocean, separated from the African coast by the Mozambique Channel. Madagascar is the fourth largest island in the...
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power Power, in political science and sociology, the capacity to influence, lead, dominate, or otherwise have an impact on the life and actions of others in society. The concept of power encompasses, but is not limited to, the notion of authority. Unlike authority, which implies legitimacy, power can be...
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Mr. T Mr. T, actor and professional wrestler known for his tough appearance and his iconic roles in television and film, including that of Sgt. B.A. Baracus in the TV action series The A-Team (1983–87). He is frequently associated with his signature catchphrase, “I pity the fool,” which originated in the...