boxing: Additional Information

Additional Reading

Michael B. Poliakoff, Combat Sports in the Ancient World (1987), contains a history of very early boxing. Harry Mullan, The Illustrated History of Boxing (1987), is a comprehensive history of professional boxing. Bohun Lynch, The Prize Ring: Illustrated by Reproductions of Old Prints, Several Oil Paintings, and of the Famous Byron Screen (1925), traces the history of the sport from the bare-knuckle period; and Harry Carpenter, Boxing: A Pictorial History (1975, reissued as Boxing, an Illustrated History, 1982), focuses mainly on the professional sport. See also Nat Fleischer, The Heavyweight Championship: An Informal History of Heavyweight Boxing from 1719 to the Present Day, rev. ed. (1961); Elliot Gorn, The Manly Art: Bare-Knuckle Prizefighting in America (1989); and Jeffrey T. Sammons, Beyond the Ring: The Role of Boxing in American Society (1988). Thomas Hauser, The Black Lights: Inside the World of Professional Boxing (1985), provides an in-depth look at the sport and business of modern professional boxing. Current biographies of major figures in the sport include Thomas Hauser, Muhammad Ali: His Life and Times (1991); Mark Kram, Ghosts of Manila: The Fateful Blood Feud Between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier (2001); Nick Tosches, The Devil and Sonny Liston (2000); and Jack Newfield, Only in America: The Life and Crimes of Don King (1995). For comprehensive statistics, see The Boxing Record Book (annual); The Ring Boxing Almanac and Book of Facts (annual); and the British publication Boxing News Annual.

For information on the history of boxing in the arts, see Robert A. Hartley, History and Bibliography of Boxing Books: Collectors Guide to the History of Pugilism (1989); William D. Cox (ed.), Boxing in Art and Literature (1935); and Arthur Krystal, “Ifs, Ands, Butts: The Literary Sensibility at Ringside,” Harper’s Magazine: 63–67 (June 1987).

Ron Olver Nigel Collins Thomas Hauser

By The Way

Title unification in boxing

The most important sanctioning bodies that govern boxing and rank fighters are the World Boxing Council, the World Boxing Association, and the International Boxing Federation; each of these bodies awards a world title to its own champion. These groups, sometimes known as the alphabet organizations because they are referred to by their acronyms of WBC, WBA, and IBF, have little interest in seeing that their titles remain unified with one fighter. Nor is it in the interest of boxing promoters to have all the titles invested in one fighter. There is more money to be made from television revenues by having three different champions fight in three title bouts than to have one champion fight in one bout. Ergo, the rules concerning mandatory defense—that is, the contender that a champion must face before he is permitted to choose an opponent—are not the same for the three groups. A fighter can therefore be in the invidious position of being contractually committed to fight two different contenders first. When he is unable to meet that impossible qualification, he may be stripped of a title.

Lennox Lewis found himself in this position when he was stripped of his WBA crown in 1999. Lewis had agreed to fight American Michael Grant, and the fight had been sanctioned by the WBA. In a court action promoter Don King claimed that the WBA had not followed its own sanctioning rules. A U.S. court agreed, and Lewis was forced to choose between the WBA belt and keeping his agreement with Grant. He fought Grant and lost the WBA championship. Political maneuvering is a common aspect of title unification.

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